The Conversion of a SLP & the Question of Legal Personality - SLP XXIII - #343-332*

The conversion of a special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale) into another entity may result in the creation of a legal personality if the SLP is converted into the following entities. 

The law recognises the following corporate entities as having a legal personality:

1. the general corporate partnership/unlimited company (société en nom collectif);

2. the common limited partnership (CLP - société en commandite simple) - the fact that the CLP has a legal personality is a major difference with the SLP;

3. the public company limited by shares (société anonyme);

4. the simplified joint company (société par actions simplifiées);

5. the corporate partnership limited by shares (société en commandite par actions);

6. the limited liability company (LLC - société à responsabilité limitée) and the simplified LLC (société à responsabilité simplifiée); and finally

7. The European company.

The formal and substantive requirements applicable to the new form of company must be met.

References : Articles 320-9 and 100-2 paragraph 1 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; some publications (in French) related to the creation of a company - quelques exposés sur certaines des conditions à la création d’une société: Quelques aménagements au principe du partage des bénéfices et des pertes - Conditions de fond à la création de la société (vii) ; Le partage des bénéfices et des pertes - conditions de fond à la création de la société (vi) ; L’apport en industrie - des conditions à la création de la société (v) ; L’apport en nature - des conditions de fond à la création de la société (iv) ; L’apport en numéraire - catégories d’apports - conditions de fond à la création de la société (iii) ; L’apport - condition de fond à la création de la société (ii) ; L'affectio societatis ou la vision commune des associés - condition de fond à la création de la société (i), Bertrand Mariaux Avocats.

*Podcast #343

*YouTube Video 332* 

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

Enforceability of Transfers and Dismemberments (démembrements) of Partnership Interests - SLP XIX - #339-328*

The law provides that transfers and dismemberments (démembrements) of partnership interests are only valid against the special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale) and third parties if they have been notified to or accepted by the partnership.

Similarly, the law further states that transfers and dismemberments (démembrement) of partnership interests cannot have any effect vis-à-vis third parties with regard to corporate commitments made prior to their publication, except where the third party was aware of them, or could not have been unaware of them.

References: Article 320-7, §3 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; #338-327* Partnership Interests: Transfer, Pledge and Dismemberment (SLP), April 21, 2021, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #339

339-328* Enforceability of transfers and dismemberments of partnership interests (SLP) *Article #339-328* *Podcast #339 *YouTube Video 328*: https://youtu.be/Mf_uG358L7E . . . . . . . . #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 328* 

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

What About the Partners' Decisions in the Absence of Statutory Provisions in an SLP? - SLP XVII - #337-326*

Earlier we mentioned the decisions that specifically have to be taken by the partners in a special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale). The partnership agreement should therefore indicate which decisions are not taken by the partners. The form and conditions of these decisions should also be stated. 

However, if the partnership agreement of the SLP is silent:

1- the decisions of the partners are taken: 

• in a general meeting; or 

• through a written consultation;

the written consultation takes place as follows:

• each partner has to receive the text of the resolutions or decisions to be taken expressly stated and shall cast his vote in writing;

2- the decisions are validly taken by a majority of the votes cast (regardless of the portion of interest shares represented);

however, for decisions regarding:

• changes to the company's purpose;

• the change of nationality of the company;

• the conversion or liquidation of the company;

the latter are adopted only by the approval of:

• the partners’ quorum representing 3/4 of the partnership interests; and

• of all general partners;

3- such meetings or written consultations may be convened or initiated by:

• the manager or managers; or by

• partners representing more than half of the partnership interests.

References: Article 320-6 §2 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; Partners' Decisions and Partnership Agreement (SLP), April 19, 2021, Bertrand Mariaux, #336-325*.

*Podcast #337

What About Partners' Decisions in the Absence of Statutory Provisions (SLP)? *Article #337-326* *Podcast #337 *YouTube Video 326* . . . . . . . . #ImpactInvesting , #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 326* 

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)
Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

Partners' Decisions & Partnership Agreement - SLP XVI - #336-325*

First, it is important to mention that, with regard to the proportion of voting rights and unless the partnership agreement provides otherwise, the voting rights of each partner are proportional to the partnership interest that each partner holds in the special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale). Let us consider the decisions that must be taken by the partners (i) before mentioning certain elements that must be indicated in the partnership agreement (ii). 

I - Decisions to Be Taken By the Partners

The law expressly provides a series of decisions that must be taken by the partners. There are as follows:

1. changes in the company's object;

2. change of nationality of the company; or

3. conversion; or 

4. the liquidation of the company.

II - Decisions Not Taken By the Partners, Forms and Conditions of Adoption 

The partnership agreement shall determine which decisions the partners do not take. The partnership agreement shall also determine in what forms and under what conditions these decisions are to be taken. If there are no stipulations in the partnership agreement in this respect, the law will govern some of these elements, which we will discuss later.

References: Article 320-6 §1 & 2 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; Acts Expressly Authorised for the Limited Partner (SLP/SCSp) - SLP XIII, April 8, 2021, #333-322*, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #336

Partners' Decisions & Partnership Agreement (SLP) *Article #336-325* *Podcast #336 *YouTube Video 325* . . . . . . . . #ImpactInvesting , #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 325* 

Partners' Decisions & Partnership Agreement (SLP)*Article #336-325**Podcast #336*YouTube Video 325* To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - ...

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

The Partners' Share in the Profits and Losses - SLP XV - #335-324*

The special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale - one of the Luxembourg partnerships) offers real flexibility to its partners, due to its contractual nature.

Thus, distributions and reimbursements to partners and the conditions under which the SLP may request their restitution are governed by the partnership agreement. 

Therefore, as the law provides, unless otherwise stipulated in the partnership agreement, the share of each partner in the profits and losses of the SLP is in proportion to his partnership interest.

References: Article 320-5 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended ; What Is a Special Limited Partnership (Société en Commandite Spéciale) January 14, 2021, #321-310*, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #335 (see Link on LinkedIn Article)

*YouTube Video 324* 

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

The Possibility for a Limited Partner to Act in the Management of an SLP - SLP XIV - #334-323*

In our previous publications we stated that in a special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale) one of the specific attributes of the limited partner (LP) is that he is prohibited from performing acts of management with respect to third parties.

If he were to disregard this prohibition, the LP would be held indefinitely, jointly and severally liable to third parties for all the company's commitments in which he had participated.

However, it will be possible for an LP: 

1. to act as a member of a management body; or 

2. to act as a proxy for a manager of the SLP (a manager who may also be general partner as well); or

3. to be granted a corporate signature power by the latter even when acting as a representative of the company.

The LP will be able to act in this manner without incurring joint and several liability vis-à-vis third parties for the company's commitments, provided that the representative capacity in which he is acting is indicated, as required by law.

References: Article 320-4, §6 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; #213-202* De la possibilité pour un associé commanditaire d’agir dans la gestion d’une SCSp, 20 juillet 2020, Bertrand Mariaux; #331-320*-Two Specific Features of the Limited Partner-SLP XI-March 24, 2021, Bertrand Mariaux; #328-317-The Liability of the Managers of an SLP (Excl. GP)-SLP-VIII, March 3, 2021, Bertrand Mariaux; #211-200* Responsabilité de l’associé commanditaire (limited partner) et acte de gestion (SCSp), 18 juillet 2020, Bertrand Mariaux; #210-199* Deux particularités de l’associé commanditaire (limited partner) - SCSp, 17 juillet 2020, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #334

334-323* - The Possibility for a Limited Partner to Act in the Management of an SLP - SLP XIV *Article #334-323* *YouTube Video 323* . . . . . . . .

*YouTube Video 323*

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

Acts Expressly Authorised for the Limited Partner (SLP/SCSp) - SLP XIII - #333-322*

In a special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale), the principle laid down by the law is that the limited partner (LP) may not perform any management act (acte de gestion) vis-à-vis third parties. The LP is also indefinitely, jointly and severally liable, vis-à-vis third parties, for all the commitments of the company in which he has participated in contradiction to the foregoing prohibition, as stated in paragraph 3 of article 320-4 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies. Finally, the limited partner is also indefinitely, jointly and severally liable to third parties, even for commitments to which he has not been participating, if he has habitually performed acts of management with respect to them, as the law also states.

But then, how can the limited partner act without incurring liability? The actions authorised for the limited partner and therefore not constituting acts of management (actes de gestion) sanctioned by law are the following:

1. the exercise of the prerogatives of a partner;

2. advice and guidance given to:

   1. the SLP;

   2. its affiliated entities; or

   3. their managers;

3. acts of control and supervision;

4. granting of: 

   1. loans;

   2. guarantees; or

   3. security interests; or

5. any other assistance to : 

   1. the company; or

   2. its affiliated entities; and

6. authorisations given to the managers in the cases provided for in the SLP's partnership agreement for acts which exceed their powers.

References: Article 320-4, §2, 4, 5 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; De certains actes expressément autorisés pour l’associé commanditaire (SCSp) - #212-201*, 19 juillet 2020, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #333

333-322* Acts Expressly Authorised for the Limited Partner (SLP/SCSp) - SLP XIII *Article #333-322* *YouTube Video 322* . . . . . . . . #ImpactInvesting , #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 322* 

333-322* Acts Expressly Authorised for the Limited Partner (SLP/SCSp) - SLP XIII*Article #333-322**Podcast #333*YouTube Video 322*To see this publication, g...

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)
Editor: Niki Shillinglaw

Liability of the Limited Partner and Management Act - SLP XII - #332-321*

We mentioned earlier that the limited partner (associé commanditaire) may not perform any act of management with respect to third parties in a special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale). It is interesting to note that, as in the case of a common limited partnership (société en commandite simple), the general partner (associé commandité) is in principle jointly and severally liable for the commitments of the SLP.

If, however, a limited partner was to perform any act of management despite the prohibition set out in the foregoing principle, he would be held indefinitely, jointly and severally liable with the SLP, vis-à-vis third parties, for all the commitments of the company in which he had participated.

Finally, the limited partner will also be held jointly and severally liable with the SLP, indefinitely, vis-à-vis third parties and creditors, for commitments in which he has not participated, if he has habitually performed acts of management for the said commitments. We shall see how the concept of management act fits into the framework by addressing in particular what does not constitute a prohibited management act for the limited partner.

References: articles 320-1 (1), 320-4 § 2, 3 et 4 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended ;  Two Specific Features of the Limited Partner-SLP XI-#331-320*, March 24, 2021, Bertrand Mariaux ; #200-189* Qu’est-ce qu’une société en commandite spéciale ? July 7, 2020, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #332

Liability of the Limited Partner and Management Act - SLP XII *Article #332-321* *YouTube Video 321| . . . . . . . . #ImpactInvesting , #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum/f5xrypc59rtxbtkfggffdkzbwy49cr https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/liability-limited-partner-management-act-slp-xii-bertrand-mariaux To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 321* 

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

Two Specific Features of the Limited Partner - SLP XI - #331-320*

It should be noted that the provisions applicable to the special limited partnership (SLP - société en commandite spéciale) are identical to those applicable to the common limited partnership (société en commandite simple) in this respect. 

The question of the impact of the ranking as (possible) creditor (in the event that the limited partner (LP - associé commanditaire) enters into a transaction with the SLP) - vis-à-vis the SLP of which - he is a partner is interesting.

I - The Possibility of Entering Into Transactions With the SLP and the Impact of the LP's Creditor Rank

An LP may enter into any transaction with the SLP. Its ranking as a preferred creditor status or not (unsecured creditor) - depending on the terms of the transaction - will not be affected by its LP position. The fact that an LP is an LP of the SLP has no impact in this regard. There is no conflict of interest by that fact alone. There is, however, an important limitation to the position of LP when it comes to the management of the SLP.

II - Can a Limited Partner Perform Management Acts With Regard to Third Parties?

The law is clear: an LP may not perform any act of management with respect to third parties.

References: article 320-4, §1 & 2 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; with regard to the société en commandite simple: Deux particularités de l’associé commanditaire (limited partner) (SCS) #189-178*, 27 juillet 2020, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #331

331-320*-Two Specific Features of the Limited Partner-SLP XI *Article #331-320* *YouTube Video 320* . . . . . . . . #ImpactInvesting , #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum/prgb5h9e8s7d6zcgjh3f4hgalxr9ew https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/two-special-features-limited-partner-slp-xi-bertrand-mariaux To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 320*

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

Editor: Hannah Seulgee Jung

Acts of Management Going Beyond the Corporate Purpose and Legal Representation - SLP X - #330-319*

As we have already pointed out in the case of common limited partnerships (société en commandite simple), these are classic company law provisions. The special limited partnership (SLP, société en commandite spéciale in French) will be bound by the acts of its managers even if these acts exceed the corporate object. 

However, the SLP shall not be bound if it proves that the third party: 

(i) knew that such act exceeded the objects of the company; or 

(ii) could not have been unaware of it under the circumstances.

Moreover,  the managers represent the company in relation to third parties and in court, either as plaintiff or defendant.

To go further: article 320-3, paragraphs 5 and 6 of the law of 10 August 1915 on commercial companies as amended; #209-198* Des actes de gestion dépassant l’objet social et la représentation en justice (SCSp); #329-318* Powers of the Managers & Delegation - SLP-IX, Bertrand Mariaux; with regard to the société en commandite simple; article in French  #188-177* Actes dépassant l’objet social de la SCS et représentation judiciaire - Gérance, Bertrand Mariaux.

*Podcast #330

330-SLP-X-Acts of Management Going Beyond the Corporate Purpose and Legal Representation *Article #330-319* *Podcast #330 *YouTube Video 319* . . . . . . . . #ImpactInvesting , #corporate , #avocat , #ServeAndThrive , #ThriveAndAccomplishYourMission , #MariauxAvocats , #MissionDriven , #MissionDrivenVenture , #alternativeinvestment , #limitedpartnership , #LP , #SpecialLimitedPartnership , #SLP , #SCSp , #sociétéencommanditespéciale, #DFI https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum/z7mfne2zcs5pce88krg4257f3tb65j https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/acts-management-going-beyond-corporate-purpose-legal-mariaux To see this publication, go to our blog The VADE-MECUM - https://mariauxavocats.com/vademecum.

*YouTube Video 319*

Bertrand Mariaux, Avocat à la Cour, LL.M. (hons.)

Prestation de serment (Swearing-in oath): Luxembourg (2011), Certificat d’Aptitude à la Profession d’Avocat, École de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux de la Cour d’appel de Paris (2009), Bond University (LL.M. (distinct.), International Legal Practice, 2010), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord & University of Limerick (Master in European & International Law - major in economics, 2008), certified Expert in Microfinance (Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 2015), social entrepreneurship (University of Oxford, 2015 & The Wharton School of Social Policy & Practice, 2014) and social & solidarity economy (International Labour Organization Academy - Social & Solidarity Economy, Organisation Internationale du Travail - Économie Sociale et Solidaire, 2017)

Contributor: Cédric Buisine, Avocat

Editors: Hannah Seulgee Jung & Nikolai Shillinglaw